@article {1456, title = {Association of weather variables with pathogens contributing to conjunctivitis worldwide.}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, year = {2024}, month = {2024 Aug 19}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: To identify weather variables associated with pathogens contributing to infectious conjunctivitis globally.

METHODS: Sample collection and pathogen identification from patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis was performed from 2017 to 2023. We linked pathogens identified from 13 sites across 8 countries with publicly available weather data by geographic coordinates. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity exposures, and the prevalence of infection types (RNA virus, DNA virus, bacteria, and fungus).

RESULTS: 498 cases from the United States, India, Nepal, Thailand, Burkina Faso, Niger, Vietnam, and Israel were included in the analysis. 8-day average precipitation (mm) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infection (odds ratio (OR)=1.47, 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.12 to 1.93, P=0.01) and decreased odds of DNA infection (OR=0.62, 95\% CI: 0.46 to 0.82, P\<0.001). Relative humidity (\%) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infections (OR=2.64, 95\% CI: 1.51 to 4.61, P\<0.001), and fungal infections (OR=2.35, 95\% CI: 1.19 to 4.66, P=0.01), but decreased odds of DNA virus (OR=0.58, 95\%CI: 0.37 to 0.90, P=0.02) and bacterial infections (OR=0.42, 95\% CI: 0.25 to 0.71, P\<0.001). Temperature ({\textdegree}C) was not associated with ocular infections for any pathogen type.

CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that weather factors affect pathogens differently. Particularly, humidity and precipitation were predictors for pathogens contributing to conjunctivitis worldwide. Additional work is needed to clarify the effects of shifts in weather and environmental factors on ocular infectious diseases.

}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1093/cid/ciae417}, author = {Yan, Daisy and Prajna, N Venkatesh and Lalitha, Prajna and Sansanayudh, Wiwan and Satitpitakul, Vannarut and Laovirojjanakul, Wipada and Chaudhary, Meenu and Bountogo, Mamadou and Sie, Ali and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Amza, Abdou and Nassirou, Beido and Almou, Ibrahim and Tran, Huy and Tran, Yen and Tsui, Edmund and Onclinx, Tania and Sella, Ruti and Goren, Lee and McClean, Esmeralda and Tham, Vivien and Chen, Cindi and Ruder, Kevin and Zhong, Lina and Liu, YuHeng and Yu, Danny and Abraham, Thomas and Lebas, Elodie and Arnold, Benjamin F and McLeod, Stephen D and Deiner, Michael S and Porco, Travis C and Seitzman, Gerami D and Lietman, Thomas M and Shantha, Jessica and Hinterwirth, Armin and Doan, Thuy} } @article {1361, title = {Gut Microbiome Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance After a Single Dose of Oral Azithromycin in Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2024}, month = {2024 Jan 16}, abstract = {

Mass antibiotic distribution to preschool children resulted in alterations of the gut microbiome months after distribution. This individually randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated changes in the gut microbiome and resistome in children aged 8 days to 59 months after one dose of oral azithromycin in Burkina Faso. A total of 450 children were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either placebo or azithromycin. Rectal samples were collected at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 months after randomization and subjected to DNA deep sequencing. Gut microbiome diversity and normalized antimicrobial resistance determinants for different antibiotic classes were evaluated. Azithromycin decreased gut bacterial diversity (Shannon P < 0.0001; inverse Simpson P < 0.001) 2 weeks after treatment relative to placebo. Concurrently, the normalized abundance of macrolide resistance genetic determinants was 243-fold higher (95\% CI: 76-fold to 776-fold, P < 0.0001). These alterations did not persist at 6 months, suggesting that disruptions were transient. Furthermore, we were unable to detect resistance changes in other antibiotic classes, indicating that co-resistance with a single course of azithromycin when treated at the individual level was unlikely.

}, issn = {1476-1645}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.23-0651}, author = {Doan, Thuy and Liu, Zijun and Sie, Ali and Dah, Clarisse and Bountogo, Mamadou and Ouattara, Mamadou and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Kiemde, Dramane and Zonou, Guillaume and Nebie, Eric and Brogdon, Jessica and Lebas, Elodie and Hinterwirth, Armin and Zhong, Lina and Chen, Cindi and Zhou, Zhaoxia and Porco, Travis and Arnold, Benjamin F and Oldenburg, Catherine E and Lietman, Thomas M} } @article {1366, title = {Mass Azithromycin Distribution to Prevent Child Mortality in Burkina Faso: The CHAT Randomized Clinical Trial.}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {331}, year = {2024}, month = {2024 Feb 13}, pages = {482-490}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: Repeated mass distribution of azithromycin has been shown to reduce childhood mortality by 14\% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the estimated effect varied by location, suggesting that the intervention may not be effective in different geographical areas, time periods, or conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of twice-yearly azithromycin to reduce mortality in children in the presence of seasonal malaria chemoprevention.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cluster randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of single-dose azithromycin for prevention of all-cause childhood mortality included 341 communities in the Nouna district in rural northwestern Burkina Faso. Participants were children aged 1 to 59 months living in the study communities.

INTERVENTIONS: Communities were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral azithromycin or placebo distribution. Children aged 1 to 59 months were offered single-dose treatment twice yearly for 3 years (6 distributions) from August 2019 to February 2023.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause childhood mortality, measured during a twice-yearly enumerative census.

RESULTS: A total of 34 399 children (mean [SD] age, 25.2 [18] months) in the azithromycin group and 33 847 children (mean [SD] age, 25.6 [18] months) in the placebo group were included. A mean (SD) of 90.1\% (16.0\%) of the censused children received the scheduled study drug in the azithromycin group and 89.8\% (17.1\%) received the scheduled study drug in the placebo group. In the azithromycin group, 498 deaths were recorded over 60 592 person-years (8.2 deaths/1000 person-years). In the placebo group, 588 deaths were recorded over 58 547 person-years (10.0 deaths/1000 person-years). The incidence rate ratio for mortality was 0.82 (95\% CI, 0.67-1.02; P = .07) in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo group. The incidence rate ratio was 0.99 (95\% CI, 0.72-1.36) in those aged 1 to 11 months, 0.92 (95\% CI, 0.67-1.27) in those aged 12 to 23 months, and 0.73 (95\% CI, 0.57-0.94) in those aged 24 to 59 months.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Mortality in children (aged 1-59 months) was lower with biannual mass azithromycin distribution in a setting in which seasonal malaria chemoprevention was also being distributed, but the difference was not statistically significant. The study may have been underpowered to detect a clinically relevant difference.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03676764.

}, issn = {1538-3598}, doi = {10.1001/jama.2023.27393}, author = {Oldenburg, Catherine E and Ouattara, Mamadou and Bountogo, Mamadou and Boudo, Valentin and Ouedraogo, Thierry and Compaor{\'e}, Guillaume and Dah, Clarisse and Zakane, Alphonse and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Bagagnan, Cheik and Hu, Huiyu and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Kieran S and Nyatigo, Fanice and Keenan, Jeremy D and Doan, Thuy and Porco, Travis C and Arnold, Benjamin F and Lebas, Elodie and Sie, Ali and Lietman, Thomas M} } @article {1441, title = {Neonatal Azithromycin Exposure and Childhood Growth: Long-Term Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2024}, month = {2024 Jul 16}, abstract = {

Single-dose azithromycin is being considered by the WHO as an intervention for prevention of child mortality. However, concerns have emerged related to longer term unintended consequences of early life antibiotic use, particularly among infants. We conducted a long-term follow-up in a random sample of children who had been enrolled in a trial of neonatal azithromycin versus placebo for prevention of mortality to assess whether neonatal azithromycin exposure led to differences in child growth up to 4 years of age. We found no evidence of a difference in any anthropometric outcome among children who had received a single oral dose of azithromycin compared with placebo during the neonatal period. These results do not support long-term growth-promoting or deleterious effects of early life azithromycin exposure.

}, issn = {1476-1645}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.24-0016}, author = {Bountogo, Mamadou and Ouermi, Lucienne and Dah, Clarisse and Sie, Ali and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Zakane, Alphonse and Ouedraogo, Thierry and Ouattara, Mamadou and Lebas, Elodie and Fetterman, Ian and Kimfuema, Aim{\'e}e and Doan, Thuy and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {891, title = {Deep sequencing analysis of acute conjunctivitis in Burkina Faso, Africa.}, journal = {Int Health}, year = {2022}, month = {2022 Jan 24}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Seasonal and epidemic conjunctivitis (pink eye) infections are highly contagious and impose a significant economic burden worldwide. Long-term visual impairment can occur.

METHODS: This study used metagenomic deep sequencing to evaluate pathogens causing acute infectious conjunctivitis in Burkina Faso.

RESULTS: We found that pathogens causing conjunctivitis in Burkina Faso are diverse, with human adenoviruses responsible for a small fraction of the samples tested.

CONCLUSIONS: These results are unexpected and suggest the importance of regional surveillance.

}, issn = {1876-3405}, doi = {10.1093/inthealth/ihac001}, author = {Bountogo, Mamadou and Sie, Ali and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Ruder, Kevin and Chen, Cindi and Zhong, Lina and Colby, Emily and Lebas, Elodie and Deiner, Michael and Hinterwirth, Armin and Lietman, Thomas M and Seitzman, Gerami D and Doan, Thuy} } @article {1036, title = {Effect of Single-dose Azithromycin on Pneumococcal Carriage and Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Trial.}, journal = {Pediatr Infect Dis J}, volume = {41}, year = {2022}, month = {2022 Sep 01}, pages = {728-730}, abstract = {

We evaluated antibiotic resistance selection in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children participating in an individually randomized trial of single-dose azithromycin versus placebo. After 14 days, the prevalence of resistance to erythromycin, oxacillin, and clindamycin was elevated in the azithromycin versus placebo group. There was no difference at 6 months.

}, issn = {1532-0987}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0000000000003585}, author = {Coulibaly, Boubacar and Kiemde, Dramane and Zonou, Guillaume and Sie, Ali and Dah, Clarisse and Bountogo, Mamadou and Brogdon, Jessica and Hu, Huiyu and Lebas, Elodie and Porco, Travis C and Doan, Thuy and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {1006, title = {Neonatal azithromycin administration for prevention of infant mortality.}, journal = {NEJM Evid}, volume = {1}, year = {2022}, month = {2022 Apr}, pages = {EVIDoa2100054}, abstract = {

Background: Biannual mass azithromycin administration reduces all-cause childhood mortality in some sub-Saharan African settings, with the largest effects in children aged 1-5 months. Azithromycin has not been distributed to children \<1 month due to risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS).

Methods: This 1:1 placebo-controlled trial, randomized neonates aged 8-27 days to a single oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or equivalent volume of placebo in 5 regions of Burkina Faso during 2019 and 2020. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 6 months of age. Infants were evaluated at 21 days after treatment and at 3 and 6 months of age for vital status; family and provider surveillance for IHPS continued throughout.

Results: Of 21,832 enrolled neonates, 10,898 were allocated to azithromycin and 10,934 to placebo. At 6 months of age, 92 infants had died, 42 (0.44\%) in the azithromycin group and 50 (0.52\%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.85, 95\% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.28, =0.46). A single IHPS case was detected, which was in the azithromycin arm. Serious adverse events, including death and hospitalization within 28 days of treatment, occurred in 0.27\% of infants in the azithromycin group and 0.14\% in the placebo group, for an absolute risk difference 0.14 percentage points, 95\% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.26.

Conclusions: Overall mortality was lower than anticipated when the trial was designed, thus limiting its power. The available data do not support the routine use of azithromycin for prevention of mortality in neonates in sub-Saharan African settings similar to the one in which this trial was conducted.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03682653.

}, issn = {2766-5526}, doi = {10.1056/EVIDoa2100054}, author = {Oldenburg, Catherine E and Sie, Ali and Bountogo, Mamadou and Zakane, Alphonse and Compaor{\'e}, Guillaume and Ouedraogo, Thierry and Koueta, Fla and Lebas, Elodie and Brogdon, Jessica and Nyatigo, Fanice and Doan, Thuy and Porco, Travis C and Arnold, Benjamin F and Lietman, Thomas M} } @article {866, title = {Effect of a single dose of oral azithromycin on malaria parasitaemia in children: a randomized controlled trial.}, journal = {Malar J}, volume = {20}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 Aug 31}, pages = {360}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Azithromycin has recently been shown to reduce all-cause childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. One potential mechanism of this effect is via the anti-malarial effect of azithromycin, which may help treat or prevent malaria infection. This study evaluated short- and longer-term effects of azithromycin on malaria outcomes in children.

METHODS: Children aged 8 days to 59 months were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to a single oral dose of azithromycin (20\ mg/kg) or matching placebo. Children were evaluated for malaria via thin and thick smear and rapid diagnostic test (for those with tympanic temperature >= 37.5\ {\textdegree}C) at baseline and 14 days and 6 months after treatment. Malaria outcomes in children receiving azithromycin versus placebo were compared at each follow-up timepoint separately.

RESULTS: Of 450 children enrolled, 230 were randomized to azithromycin and 220 to placebo. Children were a median of 26 months and 51\% were female, and 17\% were positive for malaria parasitaemia at baseline. There was no evidence of a difference in malaria parasitaemia at 14 days or 6 months after treatment. In the azithromycin arm, 20\% of children were positive for parasitaemia at 14 days compared to 17\% in the placebo arm (P = 0.43) and 7.6\% vs. 5.6\% in the azithromycin compared to placebo arms at 6 months (P = 0.47).

CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin did not affect malaria outcomes in this study, possibly due to the individually randomized nature of the trial. Trial registration\ This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03676751; registered 19 September 2018).

}, issn = {1475-2875}, doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03895-9}, author = {Coulibaly, Boubacar and Sie, Ali and Dah, Clarisse and Bountogo, Mamadou and Ouattara, Mamadou and Compaor{\'e}, Adama and Nikiema, Moustapha and Tiansi, J{\'e}r{\^o}me Nankon{\'e} and Sibiri, Nestor Demb{\'e}l{\'e} and Brogdon, Jessica M and Lebas, Elodie and Doan, Thuy and Porco, Travis C and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {781, title = {Single-dose azithromycin for child growth in Burkina Faso: a randomized controlled trial.}, journal = {BMC Pediatr}, volume = {21}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 Mar 17}, pages = {130}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: In lower resource settings, previous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated evidence of increased weight gain following antibiotic administration in children with acute illness. We conducted an individually randomized trial to assess whether single dose azithromycin treatment causes weight gain in a general population sample of children in Burkina Faso.

METHODS: Children aged 8 days to 59 months were enrolled in November 2019 and followed through June 2020 in Nouna Town, Burkina Faso. Participants were randomly assigned to a single oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or matching placebo. Anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline and 14 days and 6 months after enrollment. The primary anthropometric outcome was weight gain velocity in g/kg/day from baseline to 14 days and 6 months in separate linear regression models.

RESULTS: Of 450 enrolled children, 230 were randomly assigned to azithromycin and 220 to placebo. Median age was 26 months (IQR 16 to 38 months) and 51\% were female. At 14 days, children in the azithromycin arm gained a mean difference of 0.9 g/kg/day (95\% CI 0.2 to 1.6 g/kg/day, P = 0.01) more than children in the placebo arm. There was no difference in weight gain velocity in children receiving azithromycin compared to placebo at 6 months (mean difference 0.04 g/kg/day, 95\% CI - 0.05 to 0.13 g/kg/day, P = 0.46). There were no significant differences in other anthropometric outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: Transient increases in weight gain were observed after oral azithromycin treatment, which may provide short-term benefits.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03676751 . Registered 19/09/2018.

}, issn = {1471-2431}, doi = {10.1186/s12887-021-02601-7}, author = {Sie, Ali and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Dah, Clarisse and Bountogo, Mamadou and Ouattara, Mamadou and Compaor{\'e}, Guillaume and Brogdon, Jessica M and Godwin, William W and Lebas, Elodie and Doan, Thuy and Arnold, Benjamin F and Porco, Travis C and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {216, title = {Adverse Events and Clinic Visits following a Single Dose of Oral Azithromycin among Preschool Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2020}, month = {2020 Dec 21}, abstract = {

Biannual mass azithromycin distribution reduces all-cause child mortality in some settings in sub-Saharan Africa; however, adverse events and short-term infectious outcomes following treatment have not been well characterized. Children aged 0-59 months were recruited in Nouna Town, Burkina Faso, and randomized 1:1 to a single directly observed oral 20 mg/kg dose of azithromycin or placebo. At 14 days after treatment, caregivers were interviewed about adverse event symptoms their child experienced since treatment and if they had sought health care for their child. All children had tympanic temperature measured at the 14-day visit. We compared adverse events and clinic visits using logistic regression models between azithromycin- and placebo-controlled children. Of 450 children enrolled, 230 were randomized to azithromycin and 220 to placebo. On average, children were aged 28 months, and 50.9\% were female. Caregivers of 20\% of children reported that their child experienced at least one adverse event, with no significant difference between study arms (19.9\% azithromycin; 20.0\% placebo, logistic regression = 0.96). Vomiting was more often reported by caregivers of azithromycin-treated children than by those of placebo-treated children (7.2\% azithromycin, 1.9\% placebo, logistic regression = 0.01). There were no significant differences in other adverse events or clinic visits. Adverse events following a single oral dose of azithromycin in preschool children were rare and mild. Azithromycin administration appears safe in this population.

}, issn = {1476-1645}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.20-1002}, author = {Sie, Ali and Dah, Clarisse and Bountogo, Mamadou and Ouattara, Mamadou and Nebie, Eric and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Brogdon, Jessica M and Godwin, William W and Lebas, Elodie and Doan, Thuy and Arnold, Benjamin F and Porco, Travis C and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {231, title = {A double-masked placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin to prevent child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Community Health with Azithromycin Trial (CHAT) study protocol.}, journal = {Trials}, volume = {20}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Dec 04}, pages = {675}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Biannual, mass azithromycin distribution has previously been shown to reduce all-cause child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Subgroup analysis suggested that the strongest effects were in the youngest children, leading to the hypothesis that targeting younger age groups might be an effective strategy to prevent mortality. We present the methods of two randomized controlled trials designed to evaluate mass and targeted azithromycin distribution for the prevention of child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

METHODS/DESIGN: The Child Health with Azithromycin Treatment (CHAT) study consists of two nested, randomized controlled trials. In the first, communities are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to biannual, mass azithromycin distribution or placebo. The primary outcome is under-5 all-cause mortality measured at the community level. In the second, children attending primary healthcare facilities during the first 5-12 weeks of life for a healthy child visit (e.g., for vaccination) are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to a single orally administered dose of azithromycin or placebo. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality measured at 6 months of age. The trial commenced enrollment in August 2019.

DISCUSSION: This study is expected to provide evidence on two health systems delivery approaches (mass and targeted treatment) for azithromycin to prevent all-cause child mortality. The results will inform global and national policies related to azithromycin for the prevention of child mortality.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03676764. Registered on 19 September 2018; prospectively registered pre results.

}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Azithromycin, Child Mortality, Child, Preschool, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Infant, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size}, issn = {1745-6215}, doi = {10.1186/s13063-019-3855-9}, author = {Sie, Ali and Ouattara, Mamadou and Bountogo, Mamadou and Bagagnan, Cheik and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Boudo, Valentin and Lebas, Elodie and Brogdon, Jessica M and Lin, Ying and B{\"a}rnighausen, Till and Porco, Travis C and Doan, Thuy and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} } @article {131, title = {Neonatal azithromycin administration to prevent infant mortality: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.}, journal = {BMJ Open}, volume = {9}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 09 04}, pages = {e031162}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: Biannual mass azithromycin distribution to children aged 1-59 months has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality. Children under 28 days of age were not treated in studies evaluating mass azithromycin distribution for child mortality due to concerns related to infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Here, we report the design of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of administration of a single dose of oral azithromycin during the neonatal period.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The (NAITRE) study is a double-masked randomised placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) for the prevention of child mortality. Newborns (n=21 712) aged 8-27 days weighing at least 2500 g are 1:1 randomised to a single, directly observed, oral dose of azithromycin or matching placebo. Participants are followed weekly for 3 weeks after treatment to screen for adverse events, including IHPS. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality at the 6-month study visit.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of California, San Francisco in San Francisco, USA (Protocol $\#$18-25027) and the Comit{\'e} National d{\textquoteright}Ethique pour la Recherche in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Protocol $\#$2018-10-123). The findings of this trial will be presented at local, regional and international meetings and published in open access peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03682653; Pre-results.

}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Azithromycin, Body Size, Body Weight, Child Development, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031162}, author = {Sie, Ali and Bountogo, Mamadou and Nebie, Eric and Ouattara, Mamadou and Coulibaly, Boubacar and Bagagnan, Cheik and Zabre, Pascal and Lebas, Elodie and Brogdon, Jessica and Godwin, William W and Lin, Ying and Porco, Travis and Doan, Thuy and Lietman, Thomas M and Oldenburg, Catherine E} }